SKETCHY USMLE Biochemistry 2025

Chapter 1. Carbohydrates (17)

1.1. Glycolysis – Investment Phase

1.2. Glycolysis – Payoff Phase

1.3. Regulation of PFK-1 and FBPase-1 by F-2,6-BP and During the Fed and Fasting State

1.4. Gluconeogenesis

1.5. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

1.6. Fates of Pyruvate

1.7. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Arsenic Poisoning

1.8. Hormonal Regulation of Glycogen by Insulin, Glucagon, and Epinephrine

1.9. TCA Cycle

1.10. Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenesis) and Degradation (Glycogenolysis)

1.11. Malate-Aspartate and Glycerol-Phosphate Shuttles

1.12. Pentose Phosphate Pathway, G6PD Deficiency

1.13. Electron Transport Chain, Oxidative Phosphorylation

1.14. Metabolism and Disorders of Galactose

1.15. Metabolism and Disorders of Fructose and Sorbitol

1.16. Lactase Deficiency

1.17. Glycogen Storage Diseases

Chapter 2. Amino Acids And Proteins (10)

2.1. Amino Acids (Overview)

2.2. Amino Acid Derivatives

2.3. Catecholamine Synthesis and Degradation

2.4. Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism (Overview), Phenylketonuria (PKU)

2.6. Disorders of Tyrosine Catabolism, Alkaptonuria

2.7. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolism, Maple Syrup Urine Disease

2.8. Urea Cycle, Hyperammonemia, Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency

2.9. The Cahill and Cori Cycles

2.10. Organic Acidemias

2.11. Homocystinuria

Chapter 3. Lipids (7)

3.1. Triglyceride Catabolism, Beta Oxidation of Even-Chain Fatty Acids

3.2. Beta Oxidation of Odd-Chain Fatty Acids (VOMIT Pathway)

3.3. Ketone Bodies

3.4 Cholesterol Synthesis

3.5. Fatty Acid Synthesis

3.6 Lipid Digestion & Absorption

3.7 Lipid Transport (Key Enzymes, Major Apolipoproteins, and Lipoprotein Functions)

Chapter 4. Alcohol Metabolism (1)

4.1. Alcohol Metabolism

Chapter 5. Heme & Porphyrias (2)

5.1. Heme Synthesis

5.2. Porphyrias

Chapter 1. Cell Cycle & Division (4)

1.1 Cell Cycle

1.2 Mitosis

1.3 Meiosis

1.4 Nondisjunction

Chapter 2. Parts of Cell (5)

2.1 Nucleus, Ribosomes, Mitochondria

2.2 Endoplasmic Reticulum, Vesicles, Golgi Apparatus

2.3 Lysosomes & Peroxisomes

2.4 Cell Membranes

2.5. Collagen – Overview and Synthesis

Chapter 3. Lysosomal Storage Diseases (4)

2.1. Sphingolipidoses Part 1 – Tay-Sachs Disease, Niemann-Pick Disease

2.2. Sphingolipidoses Part 2 – Gaucher Disease, Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, Krabbe Disease

2.3. Sphingolipidoses Part 3 – Fabry Disease

2.4. Mucopolysaccharidoses Hurler Syndrome, Hunter Syndrome

Chapter 1. DNA (8)

1.1. Chromatin Structure

1.2. DNA Replication (Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes)

1.3. DNA Mutations

1.4. DNA Repair Mechanisms

1.5. Purine (De-Novo) and Pyrimidine Synthesis

1.6. Purine Salvage Pathway

1.7. Purine Salvage Deficiencies (Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome)

1.8. Lac Operon

Chapter 2. RNA (2)

2.1. RNA Structure & Function

2.2. Transcription & RNA Processing

Chapter 3. Protein (1)

3.1. Protein Synthesis

Chapter 4. Recombinant DNA & Biotechnology (4)

4.1 Recombinant DNA Overview, Molecular Cloning, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

4.2 Blotting

4.3 Genomic & cDNA Libraries

4.4 Biotechnology (Applications, Safety, and Ethics)

Chapter 1. Water Soluble Vitamins (9)

1.1. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

1.2. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

1.3. Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

1.4. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

1.5. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

1.6. Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

1.7. Vitamin B9 (Folate)

1.8. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

1.9. Vitamin C

Chapter 2. Fat Soluble Vitamins (4)

2.1. Vitamin A

2.2. Vitamin D

2.3. Vitamin E

2.4. Vitamin K

Chapter 1. Population Genetics (1)

1.1. Hardy-Weinberg Population Genetics

Chapter 2. X-linked Dominant Diseases (1)

2.1. Rett Syndrome

Chapter 3. Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases (1)

3.1. Fragile-X Syndrome

Chapter 4. Trisomy Diseases (2)

4.1. Down’s Syndrome

4.2. Edwards & Patau Syndromes

Chapter 5. Mitochondrial Diseases (1)

5.1. Mitochondrial Inheritance Disorders

Chapter 6. Disorders of Imprinting & Microdeletion (1)

6.1. Disorders of Imprinting (Prader-Willi & Angelman Syndromes)

Chapter 7. Autosomal Recessive Diseases (1)

7.1. Autosomal Recessive Diseases